Conditions & procedures
Full English hub pages for every major topic, with English detailed chapters linked from each hub. The full Turkish illustrated library remains available.
Browse full Turkish library →General surgery
Hernia Disease
A hernia is a weakness in the abdominal wall or diaphragm through which tissue can protrude. Common sites include the groin (inguinal/femoral), umbilicus, prior surgical scars (incisional), and the esophageal hiatus. Symptoms range from a painless bulge to discomfort with standing or lifting; some hernias remain quiet for years. Treatment is not one operation for everyone: selected small asymptomatic defects may be observed, while symptomatic, enlarging, or high-risk hernias are usually repaired. Open, laparoscopic, robotic, and balloonless TEP techniques each have a place when matched to anatomy, laterality, prior surgery, and overall health.
Open English hub →Pilonidal Disease
Pilonidal sinus disease affects the natal cleft, often in young adults, with pain, swelling, or chronic drainage. Acute abscess needs drainage first; definitive excision is planned when inflammation settles unless anatomy demands otherwise. Options include primary closure, lay-open healing, and flap techniques selected by cleft depth, pits, prior failed surgery, and lifestyle. Hygiene and hair management reduce flares but do not replace definitive planning for recurrent disease. Wound-care discipline after surgery strongly influences recurrence and healing time.
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Hepatobiliary
Gallbladder Disease
Gallstones, acute cholecystitis, bile-duct stones, polyps, and gallbladder cancer each need a different plan — they are not one diagnosis with one operation. Biliary colic after fatty meals differs from fever-associated cholecystitis or jaundice from duct obstruction. Ultrasound is the usual first step; MRCP or ERCP enters when duct stones or complications are suspected. For most symptomatic stone disease, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is definitive; robotic assistance is reserved for selected anatomy. Polyps are managed by size, growth, and imaging features rather than fear alone.
Open English hub →Liver Disease
Hydatid disease, simple cysts, hemangioma, FNH/adenoma, primary and secondary tumors, cirrhosis, and variceal bleeding each follow different pathways. An incidental lesion on ultrasound is a starting point, not an automatic surgical booking. Contrast MRI/CT characterization and, when needed, multidisciplinary review separate observe-from-resect decisions. Portal hypertension and cirrhosis change operative risk even when a lesion looks “easy.” Selected tumors and symptomatic cysts benefit from liver surgery; others are better served by medical or interventional care.
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Oncologic surgery
Colon Cancer
Colon cancer often arises from adenomatous polyps and can be prevented or caught early with colonoscopy. Early disease may be silent; bleeding, anemia, habit change, or weight loss deserve investigation rather than a long “hemorrhoid” assumption. Treatment depends on stage and may include open, laparoscopic, or robotic colectomy with appropriate lymph-node clearance, plus chemotherapy when indicated. MMR/MSI testing at new diagnosis informs immunotherapy eligibility and Lynch syndrome evaluation. Metastatic planning uses RAS/BRAF and selected HER2/NTRK results — not a one-size package before staging is clear.
Open English hub →Rectal Cancer
Rectal tumors differ from colon cancer in neoadjuvant sequencing, pelvic anatomy, sphincter risk, and organ-preservation pathways. High-quality pelvic MRI drives local staging and whether total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is appropriate. Sphincter-preserving low or ultralow anterior resection, Miles (abdominoperineal) resection, and disciplined watch-and-wait after clinical complete response are all real options — each with trade-offs. dMMR/MSI-H disease may open immunotherapy discussions. Functional outcome (continence, sexual and urinary function) belongs in the same conversation as oncologic clearance.
Open English hub →Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
Gastric cancer care combines accurate staging — including staging laparoscopy and peritoneal cytology when indicated — with perioperative chemotherapy for many locally advanced tumors and gastrectomy with appropriate lymphadenectomy. Early disease may present with vague dyspepsia; progressive symptoms deserve endoscopy rather than prolonged empiric treatment. Biomarkers guide systemic therapy especially in advanced disease: HER2, PD-L1, and CLDN18.2 mainly shape metastatic drug choice, while MSI/MMR can matter earlier. Minimally invasive gastrectomy is considered when oncologic standards can be met safely.
Open English hub →Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma requires careful imaging review, tumor-board input, and an honest discussion of resectability. Vessel involvement — not the reputation of the Whipple procedure alone — defines whether surgery comes first or after systemic therapy. Jaundice, weight loss, and new diabetes can be early clues; biopsy and staging must be coordinated so treatment is not delayed by incomplete work-up. Whipple (pancreaticoduodenectomy) and distal pancreatectomy are major operations offered only when oncologically and medically appropriate. Nutrition, biliary drainage, and performance status are optimized before any large resection.
Open English hub →Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer care is multimodal: accurate staging, chemoradiation or perioperative therapy when indicated, and esophagectomy in selected patients. Progressive dysphagia to solids is a warning that should not wait months. Histology (adenocarcinoma vs squamous), location, and nodal status shape whether neoadjuvant therapy precedes surgery. Open, laparoscopic, and robotic approaches can achieve the same oncologic goals when expertise and anatomy allow. Postoperative nutrition and pulmonary care dominate recovery as much as the incision size.
Open English hub →Molecular Testing in Cancer
Molecular and biomarker tests describe tumor or hereditary features that guide targeted drugs, immunotherapy, surgical sequencing, and family screening. Examples include MMR/MSI, RAS/BRAF, HER2, PD-L1, NTRK fusions, and CLDN18.2 protein expression — not all are “mutations.” Somatic tumor testing answers treatment questions; germline testing answers family-risk questions — mixing them confuses patients. A positive targetable result does not erase stage, fitness, or surgical judgment. Ordering panels without a clinical question wastes time and can delay necessary care.
Open English hub →GIST and Neuroendocrine Tumors
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and neuroendocrine tumors (NET) need pathology, mutation or grade data, and organ-specific planning. They are not managed with a generic gastric-adenocarcinoma checklist. Selected small, low-risk gastric GIST may be surveilled; PDGFRA D842V changes tyrosine-kinase expectations including imatinib resistance. NET versus neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) separation is critical — biology and urgency differ. Surgery, TKIs, somatostatin analogs, and peptide-receptor therapies enter only after the report answers the right questions.
Open English hub →Peritoneal Metastasis, CRS & HIPEC
Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and HIPEC are related but separate. CRS aims to remove visible peritoneal disease; HIPEC adds heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy in selected protocols afterward. HIPEC is not standard for all peritoneal disease and is not an automatic add-on to every CRS. In colorectal peritoneal metastases, PRODIGE-7 showed no overall-survival benefit for oxaliplatin HIPEC — this must be discussed honestly. PCI score, primary tumor type, fitness, and likelihood of complete cytoreduction decide candidacy. If you are not a candidate, saying so clearly is better than the wrong large operation.
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Upper GI
Robotic surgery
Emergency surgery
Acute Abdomen
Acute abdomen covers life-threatening causes of abdominal pain: perforation, ischemia, obstruction, appendicitis, cholecystitis, and more. Pain location, onset (sudden versus gradual), and associated symptoms such as vomiting, fever, or collapse guide urgency. Some causes need emergency surgery within hours; others start with fluids, antibiotics, and imaging. The danger is delay — waiting for painkillers to “prove” seriousness can cost bowel. Hospital evaluation with labs, imaging, and surgical review is the safe default when pain is severe, progressive, or paired with systemic signs.
Open English hub →Appendicitis
Appendicitis is a common surgical emergency caused by inflammation of the appendix. Pain often begins near the umbilicus and migrates to the right lower quadrant, with anorexia, nausea, or low-grade fever — but atypical locations and presentations are frequent. Clinical judgment plus ultrasound or CT guides timing of laparoscopic appendectomy. Perforation and abscess change antibiotics, drainage decisions, and sometimes operative strategy. Pathology after removal occasionally reveals unexpected findings; histology is not a formality. Most uncomplicated cases recover quickly after keyhole surgery.
Open English hub →Bowel Obstruction & Adhesions
Bowel obstruction presents with vomiting, bloating, crampy or continuous pain, and inability to pass gas or stool. Adhesions after prior surgery, hernia incarceration, and tumor are common causes. Some adhesive small-bowel obstructions can be observed safely with fluids and nasogastric decompression when there is no strangulation. Hernia incarceration, peritonitis, closed-loop signs, or ischemic features push toward prompt surgery. CT helps define the transition point and ischemia clues — but clinical decline overrides a “reassuring” early scan. Home waiting with progressive vomiting and distension is unsafe.
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Proctology
Anal Fistula
An anal fistula is an abnormal track between the anal canal and the perianal skin, often after an abscess. Classification by sphincter involvement, Crohn’s disease, prior surgery, and secondary extensions shapes treatment. Simple distal fistulas may heal with fistulotomy; complex or high tracks need sphincter-sparing strategies such as seton, LIFT, advancement flap, plug, laser, or VAAFT. No single technique wins for every anatomy. Recurrence is real in complex disease — staged care and continence protection outrank speed of “one-shot cure” marketing.
Open English hub →Anal Fissure
An anal fissure is a tear in the anoderm that causes severe pain with bowel movements, often with bright red blood on the paper. Acute fissures frequently heal with soft stools, fiber, fluids, and topical agents that reduce sphincter spasm. Chronic fissures may need Botox (chemical sphincterotomy concept) or, in selected failures, lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS). Continence risk is discussed before any sphincter-dividing surgery. Crohn’s disease and infection can mimic fissures — the diagnosis should be confirmed, not assumed forever as “constipation tear.”
Open English hub →Hemorrhoids
Internal and external hemorrhoids cause bleeding, prolapse, itching, and discomfort. Grade and symptom pattern guide care from dietary measures and office procedures to excisional hemorrhoidectomy, including energy-device techniques such as LigaSure in selected grades. Bright rectal bleeding in adults — especially with anemia, habit change, or age-related risk — may still need colonoscopy to exclude other causes. Surgery is for symptomatic advanced disease that fails conservative care, not for every visible cushion. Pain control and stool softness dominate recovery after excision.
Open English hub →Anal Abscess
An anal (anorectal) abscess presents with escalating perianal pain, swelling, and sometimes fever. Source control by drainage is the primary treatment; antibiotics support selected patients but seldom replace incision and drainage of a mature collection. Diabetes and immunosuppression raise complication risk and need closer pathways. After drainage, persistent discharge may signal an evolving fistula track that needs later definitive care. Early evaluation shortens suffering and reduces deeper soft-tissue infection.
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